Molar
Specialized dental tissue (often recovered with the jaw, which belongs to the axial skeleton)
Also known as: Grinders, Chewing teeth, Back teeth
Classification
Specialized dental tissue (often recovered with the jaw, which belongs to the axial skeleton)
Dimensions
In mammals, these are typically the largest and widest elements of the dental row, featuring broad, flat tops rather than sharp edges.
Key Features
Look for a wide, flattened top surface characterized by several rounded bumps or high ridges. Unlike front teeth which are blade-like, molars have multiple roots (often two or three) and a sturdy, blocky rectangular or square appearance when viewed from above.
Similar Bones
They can be confused with Premolars, which sit just in front of them. However, premolars are generally smaller and typically only have two main bumps on top, whereas molars are larger with four or more bumps.
Across Species
Molars vary wildly across the animal kingdom depending on diet. Grazers like horses and cows have tall molars with complex ridges for grinding tough grasses. Carnivores like wolves have 'carnassial' teeth that act more like shears for slicing meat. In pigs and humans, molars are 'bunodont,' meaning they have low, rounded hills ideal for an omnivorous diet of varied soft and hard foods.
Evolutionary History
The molar evolved from simpler, single-pointed teeth found in early reptiles. As mammals evolved to maintain high body temperatures, they needed to process food more efficiently. This led to the development of complex, multi-cusped chewing surfaces that allowed animals to mill their food into smaller particles, significantly speeding up digestion.
Photography Tips
To get the best identification, take a photo looking directly down at the chewing surface to show the pattern of bumps. Include a side-view photo to show the roots and how the tooth fits into the jawline, and always place a coin or ruler nearby for scale.